Nature, 14 April 2022, VOL 604, ISSUE 7905
《自然》2022年4月14日，第604卷，7905期
天文学Astronomy
A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn
在宇宙黎明时分，星系由尘埃致密体过渡到类星体
▲ 作者：S. Fujimoto, G. B. Brammer, D. Watson, G. E. Magdis, V. Kokorev, T. R. Greve, et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04454-1
▲ 择要：
自从创造发光类星体在宇宙大爆炸后仅存在7亿年以来，理解超大质量黑洞在早期宇宙中如何形成和成长已成为一个重大难题。
理论仿照显示了一种进化序列，尘埃红移的类星体从严重尘埃遮蔽的星暴星系中涌现，然后通过开释气体和尘埃过渡到无遮蔽的发光类星体。只管末了一个阶段的红移已被确定为7.6，但由于它们在光学和近红外波长上的微弱性，目前尚未创造具有类似红移的过渡类星体。
研究组宣布了一个紫外致密天体GNz7q的不雅观测结果，它与一个红移为7.1899 ± 0.0005、尘埃掩蔽的星暴有关。
在该期间，宿主星系的尘埃辐射比任何其他已知物体都要通亮，在480秒差距的中央半径范围内，每年形成1600个太阳质量的恒星。在深部、高分辨率成像和无狭缝光谱中，可识别出一个远紫外的红点源。
GNz7q在X射线中非常微弱，这表明在尘埃星暴核心涌现了一个独特的紫外致密恒星形成区或一个康普顿厚、超过爱丁顿极限的黑洞吸积盘。在后一种情形下，不雅观测到的性子与宇宙学仿照的预测同等，并表明GNz7q是晚期无遮蔽发光类星体的先人。
▲ Abstract：
Understanding how super-massive black holes form and grow in the early Universe has become a major challenge since it was discovered that luminous quasars existed only 700 million years after the Big Bang. Simulations indicate an evolutionary sequence of dust-reddened quasars emerging from heavily dust-obscured starbursts that then transition to unobscured luminous quasars by expelling gas and dust. Although the last phase has been identified out to a redshift of 7.6, a transitioning quasar has not been found at similar redshifts owing to their faintness at optical and near-infrared wavelengths. Here we report observations of an ultraviolet compact object, GNz7q, associated with a dust-enshrouded starburst at a redshift of 7.1899 ± 0.0005. The host galaxy is more luminous in dust emission than any other known object at this epoch, forming 1,600 solar masses of stars per year within a central radius of 480 parsec. A red point source in the far-ultraviolet is identified in deep, high-resolution imaging and slitless spectroscopy. GNz7q is extremely faint in X-rays, which indicates the emergence of a uniquely ultraviolet compact star-forming region or a Compton-thick super-Eddington black-hole accretion disk at the dusty starburst core. In the latter case, the observed properties are consistent with predictions from cosmological simulations and suggest that GNz7q is an antecedent to unobscured luminous quasars at later epochs.
物理学Physics
Intelligent infrared sensing enabled by tunable moiré quantum geometry
可调谐莫尔量子几何实现智能红外传感
▲ 作者：Chao Ma, Shaofan Yuan, Patrick Cheung, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Fan Zhang, et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04548-w
▲ 择要：
众所周知，固体中布洛赫波函数的量子几何性子，即贝里曲率和量子度量，显著影响着电子的基态和引发态行为。
体光伏效应（BPVE）是一种依赖于引发光偏振的非线性征象，在很大程度上取决于光学跃迁中的量子几何特性。红外BPVE尚未在石墨烯或莫尔体系等新兴平台中不雅观察到，只管这些平台已宣布过与量子几何有关的引发强关联征象。
研究组宣布了在扭曲双双层石墨烯（TDBG）中不雅观察到5 µm和7.7 µm处可调谐中红外BPVE，由莫尔勾引的强对称性破缺和量子几何贡献产生。光相应在很大程度上取决于引发光的偏振态，且可通过外部电场进行高度调谐。
这种量子几何特性的广泛可调性使研究组能够利用卷积神经网络同时实现全斯托克斯偏振丈量和波长检测，仅利用一个亚波长足迹仅为3× 3 µm2的TDBG器件 。
该研究事情不仅揭示了莫尔工程量子几何在可调谐非线性光-物质相互浸染中的独特浸染，还以极其紧凑的芯片办法为未来智能传感技能开辟了新路子。
▲ Abstract：
Quantum geometric properties of Bloch wave functions in solids, that is, Berry curvature and the quantum metric, are known to significantly influence the ground- and excited-state behaviour of electrons. The bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), a nonlinear phenomenon depending on the polarization of excitation light, is largely governed by the quantum geometric properties in optical transitions. Infrared BPVE has yet to be observed in graphene or moiré systems, although exciting strongly correlated phenomena related to quantum geometry have been reported in this emergent platform. Here we report the observation of tunable mid-infrared BPVE at 5 µm and 7.7 µm in twisted double bilayer graphene (TDBG), arising from the moiré-induced strong symmetry breaking and quantum geometric contribution. The photoresponse depends substantially on the polarization state of the excitation light and is highly tunable by external electric fields. This wide tunability in quantum geometric properties enables us to use a convolutional neural network to achieve full-Stokes polarimetry together with wavelength detection simultaneously, using only one single TDBG device with a subwavelength footprint of merely 3 × 3 µm2. Our work not only reveals the unique role of moiré engineered quantum geometry in tunable nonlinear light–matter interactions but also identifies a pathway for future intelligent sensing technologies in an extremely compact, on-chip manner.
材料科学Materials Science
Uniting tensile ductility with ultrahigh strength via composition undulation
通过身分起伏同时实现拉伸塑性与超高强度
▲ 作者：Heng Li, Hongxiang Zong, Suzhi Li, Shenbao Jin, Yan Chen, Matthew J. Cabral, et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04459-w
▲ 择要：
具有纳米晶粒的金属有靠近2 GPa的超高强度。然而，这种极度的晶界强化导致险些所有拉伸塑性的损失，纵然当金属具有面心立方构造（所有晶体构造中塑性最强的构造）时亦如此。
研究组证明了纳米晶镍-钴固溶体虽仍是面心登时契相，但其拉伸强度约为2.3 GPa，塑性断裂伸长率约为16 %。
这种不屈常的拉伸强度和塑性的结合是通过高浓度固溶体中的身分起伏实现的。这种起伏使得层错能和晶格应变在1-10纳米的尺度范围内发生空间变革，从而显著影响了位错运动。
只管纳米晶粒内部空间非常有限，但位错运动变得缓慢，促进了它们的交互浸染、联锁和增殖。因此，流动应力增加，同时位错储存增加，从而提升了应变硬化能力，提高了塑性。
同时，沿位错线的分段脱捕须要较小的激活体积，因此应变速率敏感性增加，这也稳定了拉伸流动。因此，抗位错传播的起伏构造供应了一种强化机制，可在高流动应力下保持拉伸塑性。
▲ Abstract：
Metals with nanocrystalline grains have ultrahigh strengths approaching two gigapascals. However, such extreme grain-boundary strengthening results in the loss of almost all tensile ductility, even when the metal has a face-centred-cubic structure—the most ductile of all crystal structures. Here we demonstrate that nanocrystalline nickel–cobalt solid solutions, although still a face-centred-cubic single phase, show tensile strengths of about 2.3 gigapascals with a respectable ductility of about 16 per cent elongation to failure. This unusual combination of tensile strength and ductility is achieved by compositional undulation in a highly concentrated solid solution. The undulation renders the stacking fault energy and the lattice strains spatially varying over length scales in the range of one to ten nanometres, such that the motion of dislocations is thus significantly affected. The motion of dislocations becomes sluggish, promoting their interaction, interlocking and accumulation, despite the severely limited space inside the nanocrystalline grains. As a result, the flow stress is increased, and the dislocation storage is promoted at the same time, which increases the strain hardening and hence the ductility. Meanwhile, the segment detrapping along the dislocation line entails a small activation volume and hence an increased strain-rate sensitivity, which also stabilizes the tensile flow. As such, an undulating landscape resisting dislocation propagation provides a strengthening mechanism that preserves tensile ductility at high flow stresses.
Perovskite–organic tandem solar cells with indium oxide interconnect
钙钛矿-氧化铟互连有机串联太阳能电池
▲ 作者：K. O. Brinkmann, T. Becker, F. Zimmermann, C. Kreusel, T. Gahlmann, M. Theisen, et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04455-0
▲ 择要：
多结太阳能电池可以战胜单结器件的基本效率限定。金属卤化物钙钛矿型太阳能电池的带隙可调性使其在多布局造中具有吸引力。硅和铜铟硒化镓（CIGS）以及全钙钛矿串联电池的组合已有宣布。与此同时，窄间隙非富勒烯受体为有机太阳能电池带来了快速提升的效率。
有机和钙钛矿半导体是一种很有吸引力的组合，具有相似的加工技能。目前，钙钛矿-有机串联电池的效率低于标准，并且受到宽间隙钙钛矿电池的低开路电压（Voc）和子电池之间互连引入损耗的限定。
研究组展示了钙钛矿-有机串联电池的效率为24.0%（认证为23.1%），Voc高达2.15 伏特。优化的电荷提取层使钙钛矿子电池具有高Voc和添补因子的出色组合。
该串联电池的有机子电池在近红外下供应了高外部量子效率，与对非富勒烯电池有限光稳定性的范例担忧相反，如果激子紧张在非富勒烯受体上产生，则表现出出色的操作稳定性。子电池由一层超薄（约1.5纳米）类金属氧化铟层连接，具有前所未有的低光/电损耗。
这项事情为钙钛矿-有机串联电池竖了一座里程碑，它优于最好的p–i–n钙钛矿单结，并与钙钛矿-CIGS和所有钙钛矿多结相媲美。
▲ Abstract：
Multijunction solar cells can overcome the fundamental efficiency limits of single-junction devices. The bandgap tunability of metal halide perovskite solar cells renders them attractive for multijunction architectures. Combinations with silicon and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), as well as all-perovskite tandem cells, have been reported. Meanwhile, narrow-gap non-fullerene acceptors have unlocked skyrocketing efficiencies for organic solar cells. Organic and perovskite semiconductors are an attractive combination, sharing similar processing technologies. Currently, perovskite–organic tandems show subpar efficiencies and are limited by the low open-circuit voltage (Voc) of wide-gap perovskite cells and losses introduced by the interconnect between the subcells. Here we demonstrate perovskite–organic tandem cells with an efficiency of 24.0 per cent (certified 23.1 per cent) and a high Voc of 2.15 volts. Optimized charge extraction layers afford perovskite subcells with an outstanding combination of high Voc and fill factor. The organic subcells provide a high external quantum efficiency in the near-infrared and, in contrast to paradigmatic concerns about limited photostability of non-fullerene cells, show an outstanding operational stability if excitons are predominantly generated on the non-fullerene acceptor, which is the case in our tandems. The subcells are connected by an ultrathin (approximately 1.5 nanometres) metal-like indium oxide layer with unprecedented low optical/electrical losses. This work sets a milestone for perovskite–organic tandems, which outperform the best p–i–n perovskite single junctions and are on a par with perovskite–CIGS and all-perovskite multijunctions.
机器工程Mechanical Engineering
Thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 40%
科学家实现40%的热光伏效率
▲ 作者：Alina LaPotin, Kevin L. Schulte, Myles A. Steiner, Kyle Buznitsky, Colin C. Kelsall, Daniel J. Friedman, et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04473-y
▲ 择要：
热光伏（TPV）紧张通过光伏效应将红外波长的光转换为电能，可利用比目前普遍存在于电力生产中的涡轮机更高温度的热源进行能量存储和转换。
自从在2000℃下利用集成背表面反射器和钨发射极首次展示29%的高效TPV以来，TPV的制造和性能得到了改进。然而，只管预测TPV的效率可能超过50%，但在温度低于1300℃下，实际效率仍仅为32%。
研究组宣布了效率超过40%的TPV电池的制造和丈量，并通过实验证明了高带隙串联TPV电池的效率。TPV电池是由带隙在1.0-1.4 eV的III–V材料组成的双结器件，针对1900-2400℃的发射极温度进行了优化。
电池利用带边光谱滤波的观点来得到高效率，利用高反射背表面反射器来谢绝不可用的子带隙辐射返回发射极。在功率密度为2.39 W cm–2，发射极温度为2400℃的条件下，1.4/1.2 eV器件的最大效率为（41.1 ± 1）%。在功率密度为1.8 W cm–2，发射极温度为2127℃的条件下，1.2/1.0 eV器件的最大效率为（39.3 ± 1）%。
这些电池可以集成到一个TPV系统中，用于热能电网存储，以实现可调度的可再生能源。这为热能电网存储创造了一条路子，以达到足够高的效率和足够低的本钱，从而实现电网脱碳。
▲ Abstract：
Thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) convert predominantly infrared wavelength light to electricity via the photovoltaic effect, and can enable approaches to energy storage and conversion that use higher temperature heat sources than the turbines that are ubiquitous in electricity production today. Since the first demonstration of 29% efficient TPVs using an integrated back surface reflector and a tungsten emitter at 2,000 °C, TPV fabrication and performance have improved. However, despite predictions that TPV efficiencies can exceed 50%, the demonstrated efficiencies are still only as high as 32%, albeit at much lower temperatures below 1,300 °C. Here we report the fabrication and measurement of TPV cells with efficiencies of more than 40% and experimentally demonstrate the efficiency of high-bandgap tandem TPV cells. The TPV cells are two-junction devices comprising III–V materials with bandgaps between 1.0 and 1.4 eV that are optimized for emitter temperatures of 1,900–2,400 °C. The cells exploit the concept of band-edge spectral filtering to obtain high efficiency, using highly reflective back surface reflectors to reject unusable sub-bandgap radiation back to the emitter. A 1.4/1.2 eV device reached a maximum efficiency of (41.1 ± 1)% operating at a power density of 2.39 W cm–2 and an emitter temperature of 2,400 °C. A 1.2/1.0 eV device reached a maximum efficiency of (39.3 ± 1)% operating at a power density of 1.8 W cm–2 and an emitter temperature of 2,127 °C. These cells can be integrated into a TPV system for thermal energy grid storage to enable dispatchable renewable energy. This creates a pathway for thermal energy grid storage to reach sufficiently high efficiency and sufficiently low cost to enable decarbonization of the electricity grid.
地球科学Earth Science
Realization of Paris Agreement pledges may limit warming just below 2 ℃
实现《巴黎协定》的承诺有望将环球变暖掌握在2℃以下
▲ 作者：Malte Meinshausen, Jared Lewis, Christophe McGlade, Johannes Gütschow, Zebedee Nicholls, Rebecca Burdon, et al.
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04553-z
▲ 择要：
在《格拉斯哥景象公约》签署前的过去五年中，154个缔约方在其国家自主贡献中提交了新的或更新的2030年减缓目标，76个缔约方提出了长期承诺。对2021联合国景象变革大会（COP26）之前承诺的量化表明，将升温掌握在2℃以下的可能性低于50 %。
研究组证明，如果所有有条件和无条件的承诺都得到充分和及时的实行，环球变暖可以掌握在2 ℃以下。根据政府间景象变革专门委员会（IPCC）第六次评估报告中第一事情组对地球系统不愿定性进行的概率表征，在全面实行的情形下，峰值升温可被限定在1.9-2.0 ℃之间。
研究组回顾性地预测了21世纪的景象变暖，以显示2015-2021年年夜志勃勃的总体目标水平如何变革。研究结果依赖于对2030年或2050年之后的限时目标外推、IPCC 1.5℃特殊报告（SR1.5）情景数据库的特色和承诺的全面履行情形。
对这些成分更悲观的假设将导致更高的升温预测。另一个独立的排放模型框架预测，环球升温峰值为1.8℃，这支持了该研究创造，即各国兑现承诺可能会将环球变暖限定在略低于2℃的范围内。
若不仅要将升温掌握在“略低于”，还要掌握在“远低于”2 ℃或1.5℃，则急迫须要制订政策和采纳行动，以在本世纪中叶实现环球CO2净零排放。
▲ Abstract：
Over the last five years prior to the Glasgow Climate Pact, 154 Parties have submitted new or updated 2030 mitigation goals in their nationally determined contributions and 76 have put forward longer-term pledges. Quantifications of the pledges before the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) suggested a less than 50 per cent chance of keeping warming below 2 degrees Celsius. Here we show that warming can be kept just below 2 degrees Celsius if all conditional and unconditional pledges are implemented in full and on time. Peak warming could be limited to 1.9–2.0 degrees Celsius in the full implementation case—building on a probabilistic characterization of Earth system uncertainties in line with the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We retrospectively project twenty-first-century warming to show how the aggregate level of ambition changed from 2015 to 2021. Our results rely on the extrapolation of time-limited targets beyond 2030 or 2050, characteristics of the IPCC 1.5 °C Special Report (SR1.5) scenario database and the full implementation of pledges. More pessimistic assumptions on these factors would lead to higher temperature projections. A second, independent emissions modelling framework projected peak warming of 1.8 degrees Celsius, supporting the finding that realized pledges could limit warming to just below 2 degrees Celsius. Limiting warming not only to ‘just below’ but to ‘well below’ 2 degrees Celsius or 1.5 degrees Celsius urgently requires policies and actions to bring about steep emission reductions this decade, aligned with mid-century global net-zero CO2 emissions
